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Glossary

Total final energy consumption

Final consumption measures the needs for energy of final consumers, excluding inputs and losses involved in the energy transformation sectors.

Total primary energy consumption

Primary consumption measures the total energy consumption of a country, including all losses and own consumption within transformation process.

Share of electricity in final consumption

This corresponds to the ratio between the final consumption of electricity and the total final consumption of energy, excluding inputs and losses involved in the energy transformation sectors.

Share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption

This corresponds to the ratio between the primary energy consumption of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) and the total primary consumption.

Final electricity consumption

Final electricity consumption measures the needs of final consumers for electricity, excluding inputs and losses involved in the energy transformation sectors.

Total electrical capacity

Installed capacity: from private and public utilities and autoproducers. Include cogeneration and fuel cells.

Total electricity generation

Electricity generation: includes the gross electricity generation from private and public utilities and autoproducers. It includes cogeneration and fuel cells.

Share of renewables in primary energy consumption

The ratio between primary consumption of renewable energy sources, either as transformation input or in final demand sectors, on the total primary energy demand.

Share of renewables in final energy consumption

This corresponds to the ratio between the final energy consumption of renewables and the total final consumption of energy, excluding inputs and losses involved in the energy transformation sectors.

Share of renewables in electricity generation

Share of renewables in electricity generation corresponds to the ratio between the electricity generated from renewable energy sources (wind, solar, large and small hydro, biomass, geothermal or others) and total electricity generation. It is expressed as a percentage (%).

Total CO2 emissions (incl. industrial processes)

CO2 emissions are anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and industrial processes. CO2 emissions from the agriculture sector, land use, land use change, forestry and animal husbandry are not included. Biomass combustion is considered to be carbon-neutral.

CO2 intensity of electricity generation

CO2 intensity of electricity generation represents the amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions associated to the generation of one kilowatt-hour of electricity. It is expressed in gram of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (gCO2/kWh).

CO2 intensity to GDP

CO2 intensity to GDP corresponds to the amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion associated to the generation of one unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This indicator is measured in constant dollars at purchasing power parity (kgCO2/US$15ppp).

CO2 intensity per capita

CO2 intensity per capita measures the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion per head of population. This indicator is expressed in ton of CO2 per capita (tCO2/cap).

EnerFuture: Global Energy Forecasts

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MACC: Marginal Abatement Cost Curves

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24

Mar

According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), US LNG exports rose by 9% in 2022, driven by a strong LNG demand in Europe (in a context of lower Russian gas pipeline exports), high international gas prices and increased US liquefaction capacity. Europe became the largest destination for US LNG exports in 2022, accounting for 64% of total US LNG exports, with four countries accounting for a combined 74% of these exports to Europe, namely France, the United Kingdom, Spain and the Netherlands. US LNG exports to Asia fell by 46%, due to a 78% fall in exports to China (overall, China cut its LNG imports by nearly 20% in 2022). US LNG exports to Latin America also fell by 62%, with a 77% decrease in Brazil, where a higher hydropower availability reduced gas demand for power generation. US LNG exports to Kuwait - the only country in the Middle East that imported US LNG - doubled but remained marginal.

23

Mar

Global renewable generation capacity grew by 295 GW in 2022 (i.e., over 80% of the new power capacities installed in 2022), according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity increased by 191 GW in 2022, accounting for 65% of renewable installations, followed by wind (+75 GW, 25% of total installations), hydropower (+21 GW), bioenergy (+7.6 GW) and off-grid electricity (+1.2 GW).

22

Mar

US petroleum product exports rose by 7% in 2022 to 5.97 mb/d, driven by an increase of 18% (193,000 b/d) in distillate fuel oil, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). The United States and the European Union imposed sanctions on Russia's petroleum industry in response to the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, leading to higher prices and crack spreads for petroleum products. In addition, the high volume of US petroleum product exports in 2022 also reflected longer-term growth trends: US exports of total petroleum products more than doubled to 5.97 million b/d in 2022 from 2.31 million b/d in 2010. US distillate fuel oil exports in 2022 averaged 1.26 mb/d, below pre-pandemic volumes, while motor gasoline exports exceeded 2019 volumes.

21

Mar

Snam, the Italian gas transmission system operator, has released its 2022 results, posting a net profit of €671m (-55% compared to 2021). Gas demand in Italy declined by 10% in 2022 to 68.7 bcm, driven down by a lower consumption in all sectors. Gas consumption contracted in the residential and tertiary sector (-16%), because of warmer weather than in 2021, and energy conservation efforts. It also decreased in the industrial sector (-14%) due to the effect of the increase in commodity prices and the unstable macroeconomic situation that led to a drop in industrial production in some energy-intensive sectors. Gas consumption was cut in the power generation sector (-3%) as a result of higher gas prices, despite the drop in hydro production caused by extreme drought. At constant climate, Italian gas demand decreased only by 8%.